コメントをみる

2.5 Pumpdesign Water Supply System

2021年2月8日

Download here: http://gg.gg/o8hqz
*Quality water filtration, engineered and made in the USA since 1987. Environmental Water Systems offers whole home water filtration, sink filters, reverse osmosis systems, salt softeners, and speciality filtration.
*United Water New York Conceptual Design Report Haverstraw Water Supply Project Black & Veatch Project No. 146323 Page. 1 Section 3. Raw Water Supply and Storage 3.1 Plant Capacity and Flow The water treatment plant will be constructed in three (3) phases with an initial production capacity of 2.5.
*D-6 Pipe Sizes For Water Distribution System Design D-2. Refer toFigures D-1 through D-5, pages D-7 through D-11,todesign and draw a water service line. These figures can also be used to determine pipe sizes. Use the following steps andFigure D-1 to determine the size of the pipe, the velocity, and the friction loss from Point A to Point B.Part 14(c)—Submersible Pump Design, Part 3
Well & Borehole Pumps Wells and Boreholes can provide water for all kinds of applications including supplying pressurised water for a property, washing and irrigation and best of all, it’s free! Another great reason to start obtaining water from a borehole or well as opposed to mains water supply is that, in fact, it uses far less energy to extract water.
By Ed Butts, PE, CPI
In these final two installments of this series on designing a submersible pump system we will conclude with a discussion on the design and sizing of the submersible motor and drop cable for our example, along with a complete review of the techniques used for designing submersible pump systems.Electrical Acronyms and Definitions
We will reference several standards used for electrical design in the next two columns. The first and most common is the National Electrical Code (NEC) issued by the National Fire Protection Association as NFPA Standard 70. The NEC is regarded as the governing electrical code for use in the United States, but many states or localities also add revisions and amendments to the code applicable to their area only. The NEC is updated every three years, with the most recent edition issued in 2017.
The second acronym we will commonly use is NEMA standards. NEMA represents the largest electrical trade association in the United States and is short for the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. NEMA standards are available and recognized for numerous components and classes of electrical equipment including motors, enclosures, controls, generation, transmission, and distribution equipment.
In addition to NEMA, many electrical standards are now parallel to another group called the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The use of either NEMA or IEC standards are generally recognized by most governing and inspection authorities in the United States.
Although the standards for most electrical equipment are established by NEMA and IEC, most electrical equipment must undergo a rigorous testing and certification procedure to ensure the equipment is rated for the intended application and will not represent a fire danger when used in approved environments. Most research, testing, and product certification in the United States is conducted by one or more of three agencies: Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), or the Electrical Testing Laboratories (ETL).
Typically, if the electrical device or component complies with the applicable specifications and passes the testing procedures, the device is either listed or recognized for use. Although most states and localities recognize testing and approval from any of the three laboratories, there is no specific guarantee of this uniformity for any individual state or locality. Therefore, the reader is cautioned to fully investigate and verify whether any electrical component or system is approved for the intended use and application in their region before applying or installing.
Before we start a design process, let’s review the exact electrical characteristics from our original design example (Figure 1).Step 1: Determine voltage and phase (1a) and/or system load (1b)
This first step may seem confusing to many, but which of the two steps, 1a or 1b, is the actual first procedure depends on several factors. Chief among these is whether the installation is a retrofit or replacement installation with the same or more horsepower on an existing power supply, or a new installation involving a new electrical service.
When applying a replacement or new submersible motor on an existing service, then step 1a is the most logical first step. If a new electrical service or generator operation is required, then step 1b is generally the first step to allow sizing of a new service by the utility or a generator, if used.Step 1a: Voltage and phase
Since our example situation already details the system voltage, phase, and available current, much of the work needed for a new installation is complete. The information above on the electrical power supply is critical for the proper design and application of the various electrical components, particularly the submersible motor, drop cable, and controls used in the system.
Although having an advance notice of the technical data regarding the electrical service and installation is important knowledge for all alternating current (AC) motors, there is probably no other type of motor where this is more important than with a submersible motor.
Since most submersible motors are designed for a single voltage and phase application, the most obvious initial design element to know is the available voltage and phase. For our design example, it can be seen the electrical service consists of a 200-amp, 480-volt, AC, 3-phase service with 160 amps of available full load current capacity.
In theory, this level of power is capable of operating up to a single 150 HP motor or a group of three 40 HP motors (156 amps). For an installation using a submersible motor, not much can proceed until the designer is satisfied he fully recognizes and understands the voltage and phase the serving utility or a generator will provide to the site.
Although it may seem contrary to logic for the voltage and phase to be the first criteria, in many parts of the country, particularly remote rural areas, the availability of higher voltages or polyphase power may be limited or not possible at all. Therefore, verifying these design factors with the utility or generator supplier is generally my first step. Table 1a displays the standard low voltage (<600 volts) supplies used in the United States.
Although U.S. power systems are designed for 60 hertz (frequency) operation, throughout the rest of the world there appears to be an endless array of possible voltage and frequency combinations. In 50 hertz regions, such as Canada and many international countries, virtually all power systems are of the 4-wire, grounded wye type, so a typical arrangement would be the use of a 220/380-volt AC power system.
In this case, as in the case of a typical 120/208-volt, wye, 60 hertz system in the U.S., the lower 220-volt source is only available for single phase and the 380-volt source is available as either single or three-phase power.
As a result of the voltage described as 220/380, specifications often require three-phase motors be wound for a dual voltage of either 220 or 380V. Although feasible to do this, it is usually unnecessary because the 50 Hz three-phase motors can only be operated on 380-volt, three-phase power. Since many submersible motors are designed to operate on either 50 or 60 hertz power, many motors are rated for 380- or 460-volt operation from either source.
Many submersible motor manufacturers also supply motors capable of operating on much higher voltages than the lower voltage systems below 600 volts. The application of these motors is their use with medium voltage sources between 1000 to 69,000 volts, with the most common voltage for three-phase motors either 2400 or 4160 volts. For those who occasionally deal with medium voltage applications, Table 1b details these two most common medium voltage systems used in the United States for larger motors.
For those charged with the responsibility of voltage selection or consulting, generally the best and most economical decision is to select a reasonable compromise between the system voltage, phase, and the current based on the connected load (horsepower) and total cost.
In other words, since current (amperage) often has the higher impact on component and system cost, selecting the higher voltage applicable with three-phase to lower the corresponding current is often the best overall choice. This must be tempered, however, with the knowledge a higher voltage or three-phase system may not be technically or economically available within a given region. This means you sometimes have no choice and just have to take what they will give you.
You may also have noticed the nominal voltage value for many three-phase systems is generally higher than the applicable operating (nameplate) voltage for a submersible motor, up to 5% for a 240- or 480-volt system operating a 230- or 460-volt motor, for example. Although certainly not universal, this discrepancy provides a built-in safety factor by providing a beginning voltage higher than what is required by the motor. I do not recommend, as a standard design course, to use these few percentage points of difference as anything but a compensatory “fudge factor” of voltage that will provide adequate starting and running voltage to the motor under all normal and abnormal conditions.
If the maximum 5% allowance for the drop cable loss is observed on a 480-volt system, then the remaining voltage at the motor terminals should equal around 456 volts, only 4 volts lower than the nameplate 460 voltage or 2 volts lower than a nameplate 230-volt value. This will help ensure the motor is operating within the allowable ranges and extend the life of the motor to the maximum possible.
Lastly, the type of power can also be critical to the performance and life of the motor and installation. The use of a 120/208- or 277/480-volt, 4-wire wye electrical service over a 240- or 480-volt “delta” or “open delta” power supply will almost always be preferred. If available, requesting a wye service, even if a higher cost, will pay long-term dividends to the customer and prevent a potential series of premature motor failures.
Even though this type of power is usually preferred, there are methods available to lessen a deleterious impact to a submersible motor from a delta power supply. We will discuss these methods in Part 4.Step 1b: Determine the system load: motor horsepower and diameter
Once it has been determined the proper voltage and phase is available for the project, the next step is to move into the determination of the system load, specifically the motor’s required horsepower and diameter.
Obviously, since the wet end (pump) has already been selected, the motor must match the mounting and horsepower criteria required from the pump. In order to determine the motor’s required brake horsepower (BHP) first, we must repeat the step we previously used for the well pump:
Primary COS:
(1In this case, we have entered the exact efficiencies from our selected pump at both duty points.)
The calculated horsepower (41.5 BHP) at the primary condition of service (COS) could technically be provided from a 40 HP motor by using the 15% service factor (FLC × 1.15) available in most motors.
However, in order to extend the life of the motor to the maximum plus provide for any possible power or system anomalies, I recommend not using any of the allowable service factor for design of most municipal, commercial, or industrial applications. Therefore, for our example, a maximum input load of 41.5 BHP will require a 50 HP, 460 VAC motor.
Selecting the motor diameter is largely a choice between what is available for the horsepower and the size and mounting configuration of the pump. Referring to Table 2, a 50 HP submersible motor has four choices generally available: either a 6-inch or 8-inch-diameter motor for 3600 RPM (two-pole) applications, or an 8-inch or 10-inch-diameter motor for 1800 RPM (four-pole) applications.
Our selected pump is a 7-inch-diameter × 3600 RPM bowl assembly, and information from the manufacturer has informed us that either a 6-inch or 8-inch-diameter motor would be acceptable for this pump.
Although, once again often a personal preference, I would most likely opt to use a 6-inch-diameter motor for this application. Besides being a much cheaper motor and easier to get from most suppliers, I usually prefer not to use a motor larger than the pump I am connecting it to. The requirement for cooling at the VFD reduced flow of 156 GPM is met by either motor in the 12-inch well casing, so that factor is not a concern. Using the smaller motor will provide more annular space between the well casing and motor, plus prevent any implied momentum from misalignment or vibrational forces to the smaller pump due to the torque or possible misalignment between the larger motor and smaller pump.Water Pumping System Design
In addition, it is also critical to verify any larger motor considered for attachment to a smaller submersible pump will not apply any excessive weight to either the mounting bracket or bowl assembly of the pump, and the shaft interconnection between the two components is the same.
It is important to note, however, my decision for our example is based on using a 6-inch-diameter motor with a single stator and rotor and not a tandem unit. If the needed 6-inch-diameter motor had to be constructed by using two 25 HP motors in series (a tandem unit), a common practice years ago, then I would have definitely opted for the 8-inch-diameter unit as I have personally observed many problems with tandem motors from electrical inconsistencies and imbalance between the two motors.
In summary, although the horsepower, and often the voltage and phase, is usually a requirement of the application, a choice can often be made in the pump and motor’s speed and diameter. This decision can only be made after evaluating all salient factors of the design including the installation parameters, annular well clearance, pump to motor mounting options (NEMA fit or not), motor starting and running characteristics, availability of new and replacement motors, and cost.Step 2: Determine motor starting requirements
When considering operating an electric motor, it is not only important how well you can run a motor, but how easy it is to start one. Very often, the limiting factor with any single or polyphase electric motor is the ability to draw sufficient power from the line over the few seconds needed to generate the required torque and magnetizing current required to overcome the inertia of the pump and motor.
With a submersible motor this is often an unforgiving element since the long lengths that often exist between the power supply and the motor can create enough of a voltage drop to prevent starting. In addition, the high current inrush, up to six to seven times the full load current, associated with the starting of any motor can also cause enough voltage drop to result in a local condition known as flicker.
Flicker is the momentary drop in voltage caused by a large inrush of current that can result in a brief loss of light intensity from fluorescent and incandescent fixtures. This condition is avoided by either providing adequate power to accommodate the high inrush current with a minimal voltage drop, or by lowering the starting current through a process called reduced voltage starting.
From our example, we know there is adequate power available to start up to a 50 HP motor without using reduced voltage starting. Therefore, we could have used a “direct on line (DOL)” also known as “full-voltage” or “across-the-line” starting method where the motor starts using full or 100% voltage under locked rotor amperage and accelerates up to full speed in a few seconds.
Full-voltage starting remains the most common method of motor starting and accounts for over 95% of the motor starting applications.
Although this would have been a feasible and lowest cost method of motor starting, in this case we designed for a primary and secondary design condition, which required using either a control valve or variable frequency drive (VFD) for flow and pressure control. Since a VFD was selected to provide variable speed operation, as a motor control this same unit also provides inherent reduced voltage starting and stopping, generally referred to as soft starting and overload protection.
Although the use of a VFD has become popular, there are still alternate ways to accommodate reduced voltage starting for submersible motors. Refer to Table 3 and Figure 2 for information and typical schematics on motor starting methods available for submersible motors.
Regardless of the method of motor starting selected, the proper knowledge of the motor’s locked rotor amperage is generally required for the utility to determine the allowable inrush current for the service. As an element of every motor’s nameplate and technical data, information regarding the motor’s “KVA Code” is available (Table 4). Code letters from A to R are shown with the accompanying KVA/HP range and the typical mid-range value.
To determine the approximate locked rotor current requires investigation or confirmation of the specific code letter. This value is usually available from either the motor nameplate or design data. As a shortcut, the following equations can be used to approximate the locked rotor amperage (LRA) for a three-phase motor:
200-volt LRA = Code letter value (use mid-range value) × Motor HP × 2.9
230-volt LRA = Code letter value (use mid-range value) × Motor HP × 2.5
460-volt LRA = Code letter value (use mid-range value) × Motor HP × 1.25
575/600-volt LRA = Code letter value (use mid-range value) × Motor HP × 1.00
For our design example with a 50 HP, 460-volt motor, the approximate 460 volt LRA is:
(from manufacturer data) Code Letter H. Use the mid-range value = 6.7 × 50 HP × 1.25 = 418.75 amps
Note that the above value is an approximation only and may vary ±2% from the actual value. Where available, always research and use the actual LRA value from the motor nameplate or manufacturer.
Typically, for low voltage applications the motor starter includes two components: a magnetic contactor to engage the motor, and an overload assembly, installed immediately downstream from the contactor connecting directly to the motor conductors.
Motor starters are generally classified and sized according to either NEMA or IEC standards. NEMA full voltage motor starter sizes begin at a 00 rating and continue upwards to a NEMA Size 9 rating. IEC starters are not rated or sized in the same manner, but are rated according to their specific operating environment (utilization category) and maximum motor current (amperage). Utilization categ

https://diarynote-jp.indered.space

コメントをみる

Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic

2021年2月8日

Download here: http://gg.gg/o8hqa
You shouldn’t have to inspect what you expect; meaning, shop owners should expect high quality performance throughout the shop, but shouldn’t have to regularly look over their staff’s shoulders to ensure that happens. Avoiding the need to micromanage employees requires implementing sets of quality standard operating procedures (SOPs) that are identified as the most efficient steps for producing work in every department every day, says John Spoto, MSO key account manager for 3M.
Spoto discusses a step-by-step process you can use to create thoughtful, organized and reliable SOPs for each of your business activities.
Standard operating procedures can serve as benchmarks for performance reviews, training aids, or in the case of quality standards, a starting point for improvement. You will find the following tips helpful when writing standard operating procedures. Always have a specific reader in mind. Applied Mechanics And Machine Dynamics - Applied Mechanics Department, L. College, Morbi; Applied Mechanics Engineer - Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering; Applied Mechanics Theatre Company - Applied Mechanics Theatre Company; Applied Mechanics V2 (1905) - Applied Mechanics and Machines by A. Ghosh and A.K.Malik. The company should also be capable of providing any training necessary to operate each machine safely. Most will do so for free and on site. People skills are paramount in this business and a caring helpful personality as well as a love for your job are prerequisites when starting an auto repair shop the right way.
Creating SOPs provides opportunity to strategically analyze and improve every business operation. It’s a chance to assess current processes and procedures, identify inefficient operations causing bottlenecks, and develop a thorough plan to carry out daily procedures the most efficient way possible. SOPs create consistency throughout the organization by generating a standardized approach to all business activities.
Be thoughtful when creating your SOPs. There isn’t always a “one-size-fits-all” approach. The best production-based SOPs, for example, could vary from shop to shop based on work volume, employees, job descriptions, equipment or shop layout. Every SOP has to follow a process that will deliver consistent efficiency and cycle time, without redos or comebacks, based on the unique factors of your facility.
There are resources available that shop owners can lean on for assistance. Certain vendors can provide operators with SOP examples and templates. To help get you started, here’s a look at several steps to write useful SOPs for any operation at your shop:Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic Training
Step #1: Focus on one at a time. Select one specific procedure to focus on and standardize to avoid implementing too much change at once. Look for processes that are hindering workflow to know where to start. If your shop doesn’t currently have any SOPs in place, the front office is the best place to approach first. That’s where cycle time begins.Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic Certification
Step #2: Assess your current procedure. Outline every action your shop takes to produce a particular process. Physically go through the procedure and highlight each step from beginning to end.
Step #3: Look for faults. Among each noted step, identify the specific actions that are working and not working, and make notes where you see room for improvement. Look for things that are being missed within the process, causing inefficiencies, or generating unnecessary problems.
Step #4: Create solutions. Identify solutions to fix any problematic details that exist within a process. Explain the new strategies to employees, and test the new process to determine whether it appropriately addresses the issue.
Step #5: Get employee feedback. Shop owners should initially write SOPs based on their own thoughts, but can’t forget to tap employees for insight. Ask for their perspective on changes you propose, and whether they see any steps necessary to add or eliminate.
Step #6: Write the Plan. Write down each specific action that you found proves to produce work the most efficient way possible. Create a step-by-step set of instructions that anybody within the organization can follow.
Step #7: Highlight the key information. The SOP should walk employees through the first to last stage of the process, and outline expectations for the final outcome, but keep them concise. SOPs that are too long tend to get confusing and employees have trouble tracking the instructions. Condense the SOP as much as possible into a list of must-have steps.
Step #8: Be concise. SOPs should be quickly and easily read and understood by employees. Keep the wording as short as possible for each specific step. The shorter the better. SOPs should never be longer than one page.
Step #9: Include graphics. Augment each written step with an image, picture or diagram. Graphics help illustrate certain points that can be too confusing or wordy with written explanations.
Step #10: Make them visible. Every employee should have access to the SOPs. Post them on a wall in a centralized location, and any other prominent areas of your facility. 22 Jun Machine Shop SafetyPosted at 09:32h in Safety Manual, Safety Topics, Tailgate Safety, Tailgate Safety Meetings, Toolbox Talks
In a machine shop, metals and composites are cut and shaped into finished products using hand tools and machines such as saws, lathes, drills, and grinders. Common injuries in machine shops include debris in the eye, cuts, and caught/crush machine injuries.Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic Apprenticeship
Choose proper personal protective equipment (PPE) for the machine shop. Wear safety glasses at all times in the shop. At any time, debris may fly out of a machine and into your eye. Consider a face shield when you are working up close with grinding and cutting job tasks. Wear comfortable shoes with a non-slip sole. Consider toe reinforcement if you work with heavy objects. Earplugs protect your hearing in a noisy machining environment.Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic Tools
Choose gloves depending on your job task. Use proper gloves when you handle stock with sharp edges and hand-cut sharp items. Don’t wear gloves when you are operating machinery. The machine can pull in a loose glove AND your hand/arm. While you operate machines, wear close-fitting clothing, tie back long hair, and remove your jewelry.
Get training in your job tasks and follow safe work procedures. Learn about the machines you use. Know where the moving, rotating, and cutting parts are. Know which machines are operated manually and which could start automatically by computer control. Know where your hands are at all times. It is important that the machine is guarding by device, distance or the stock itself. Use push sticks, not your hands, to feed stock materials. Never reach into an operating machine. Don’t leave a machine running unattended. Follow proper machine guarding techniques.Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic Equipment
Operate machines according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Follow machine feed rates; don’t force materials into or pull them through faster than the machine can process them. Ensure that all guards and interlock safety devices are installed and properly positioned. Inspect machining tools each time you use them. Before you perform maintenance or clear a jam, turn the machine off and wait until the parts have stopped motion. Use proper lockout/blockout procedures before you begin adjustments, maintenance, or clear jams.
Good shop and task lighting help you see your work materials and moving machine parts clearly. Firmly secure materials that will be drilled or punched to prevent them from slipping or spinning on the machine. Remove keys, chucks, tools, and shavings/trimmings before starting machines so they don’t get propelled through the air.
Practice good housekeeping to prevent fires and falls. Don’t use compressed air to clean up; it can blow debris into machines and makes the shavings airborne. Shavings can be hot and sharp; sweep up with a brush and dustpan or a wooden scraper.
Machined materials and machines must be lubricated and cooled. In addition, solvents are used to clean parts after they are made. Know the properties of the chemicals you work with by reading the Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
Download here: http://gg.gg/o8hqa

https://diarynote-jp.indered.space

コメントをみる

1 2

Donload Dumpper V40.1

Shaun T Insanity Workout Download Free

Thermasol Steam Shower Model 84 Manual Fuel

Malayalam Serial Actress Veni Photo Gallery

Wilcom Embroidery Software Torrent

Strummed Acoustic 2 Vst Free

Kmsauto Net 2015 V1.3.8 Portable Download

Webkinz Username Search

Shogun 2 Total War Steam Key Generator

Autocad 2007 Free Download Full Version With Crack Cnet

Festo Fluidsim 4.2 Full Version

Xpand 2 Vst Free Download Mac

Modul8 2 6 4 Keygen Mac

Download Systools Ost To Pst Converterunbound

Radeon Hd 4350 Agp Driver

Computer Hardware Servicingwebsite Of  carmelito Lauron

The Serpent Tower

Compaq Presario Recovery Disk Free Download

2.5 Pumpdesign Water Supply System

Machine Shop Course (earist Sop)the Mechanic

最新の日記一覧

お気に入り日記の更新

お気に入り日記

テーマ別日記一覧

この日記について

日記内を検索

<<　 2025年7月　 >>
日	月	火	水	木	金	土
29	30	1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16	17	18	19
20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31	1	2

最新の日記 一覧

お気に入り日記の更新

お気に入り日記

テーマ別日記一覧

この日記について

日記内を検索

最新の日記一覧